Forceps are obstetrical tools which are shaped like large spoons have been in use since the 1500′s. Years ago, forceps were used for many problems which are now handled by cesarean section. Today, most forceps deliveries are low forceps, which means they are applied when the babies head is low in the pelvis and birth is imminent. According to Henci Goer, “There is no research to support the elective use of forceps.”
The risks to the mother are perineal trauma, extensive episiotomy, possible extension tearing from episiotomy, hematoma and nerve damage. Lasting effects of forceps or vacuum extraction to the mother may be anal incontinence in spite of a repaired third degree tear. The baby may have damage to the head, eyes, the nerves that lead to the face and neck and arms.
Vacuum extraction is a newer technology that sometimes takes the place of forceps. As with low forceps, the baby’s head must be very low in the pelvis before the suction cup can be attached. It has the benefit of not requiring an episiotomy and maternal perineal trauma is less than with forceps, but the baby still has the possibility of trauma to the head and face. Chiropractors also recognize that pulling a baby out by the head changes the spinal alignment, although this is not recognized in any medical texts.
The best way to avoid the use of forceps or vacuum extraction is NOT to have an epidural.
Being able to move about freely and change positions greatly assists you to give birth without the need for the violence of forceps or vacuum extractions.
Indications for Instrument Assisted Birth
- When allowing the women to continue pushing is detrimental to the mother due to a condition such; severe pre-eclampsia, high blood pressure or heart condition
- When foetal distress is present, forceps may prevent a baby from becoming hypoxic (oxygen-starved) which if severe, can lead to brain damage or death
Vacuum extraction (Ventouse) – Advantages over Forceps
- Can be used before the cervix is fully dilated if rapid delivery is necessary
- Episiotomy is not usually required
- Little internal bruising
- Mother can still feel the birth due to not having to have analgesic so she can still feel her contractions and assist with pushing
